Lisa Andrology Lab Reports

Historically the discovery of sperm is credited to Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. In fact, Leeuwenhoek was the first in reporting the discovery in a letter addressed to the Royal Society of London and published in Philosophical Transactions, the journal of the Royal Society in 1677-1678. However, Leeuwenhoek strongly credited to Johan Ham, a medical student of the Leiden University, The Netherlands. He reported the observations of Ham in semen from men suffering from gonorrhea. Nevertheless, there is a letter published by Christiaan Huygens in Journal des Sçavans in 1678 about the presence of small animals in semen. Fifteen days after the letter of Huygens, Nicholas Hartsoeker also reported in the same journal that he had observed the presence of tadpole-like animals in rooster semen. However, Huygens and Hartsoeker did not provide more information about, unlike the detailed data reported in his letter to the Royal Society about Ham’s remarks. On the other hand, there is concre...

Human fertilization is an intricate and complex event taking part both biological and molecular mechanisms whose sole purpose are in merger the male and female gametes for embryonic development of a new human being. This process claims countless basic requirements for all steps of the sperm-egg interaction. A pivotal requirement is the share of a morphologically normal spermatozoon able of undergoing pre penetration events (capacitation, sperm motility hyper-activation and acrosome reaction), and post-penetration into the ovum. Thus, for man to achieve a pregnancy, he needs to a minimally acceptable of morphologically normal sperm in semen. To evaluate men's fertilizing capacity based on the sperm morphology, semen analysis determines the percentage of morphologically normal sperm in semen. Since the onset of the semen analysis in lab practice in the 1930s, many attempts have been made for reaching the least rate (cut-off) enough for considering an individual fertile. At one of t...

A fertilização humana é um intrincado evento que envolve mecanismos biológicos e moleculares complexos, cujo único objetivo é unir e fundir os gametas masculino e feminino para formar o embrião e desenvolver um novo ser. Para que este evento ocorra, há uma série de requisitos básicos em todas as etapas da interação entre o espermatozoide e o óvulo. Um requisito pivotal neste processo é a participação de um espermatozoide morfologicamente normal, que tenha capacidade para se submeter aos eventos pré-penetração (capacitação, hiperativação da motilidade e reação acrossômica) e após a penetração no óvulo. Desta forma, para que o homem consiga uma gravidez, ele precisa ter um mínimo aceitável de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais no sêmen. Para avaliação desta capacidade de fertilização tomando como base a morfologia espermática, o exame do sêmen determina a percentagem de espermatozoides morfologicamente normais presentes na amostra analisada. Desde a introdução do exame do sêmen n...